citaions

Beneficial Results of Protectionism" (1848)  :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=2241
 Railroad connecting the german:http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/107_Railway%20Construction_7.pdf
"The Future of the Empire Foretold" Zollverein:http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1327
Southern Germany and the North German Confederation (April 11, 1868)  :http://www.germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/print_document.cfm?document_id=1390
Richard Wagner, What is German? (1865/1878) :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1786
Theodor Fontane, "On the Cologne Cathedral Festivities" (October 15, 1880)   :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1768
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, "Addresses to the German Nation" (1807/08)   :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=3596
"Germany's Unification" (1843)   :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=239
The Public Mood in Bavaria and Other Federal States through British Eyes (December 3, 1866)   :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1817
German Federal Act (June 8, 1815)  :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=233
An Announcement by Frederick William IV (March 21, 1848)  :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=428
The Barricades at the Corner of Kronenstrasse and Friedrichstrasse (March 18-19, 1848)  :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=2313
Solemn Funeral Service for the Murdered Parliamentarians of the Frankfurt National Assembly (September 21, 1848) :http://www.germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=2225
Central Europe (1815-1866)  :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/map.cfm?map_id=373
Creation of the German Empire (1866-1871)   :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/map.cfm?map_id=2195
Excerpt from Bismarck's "Blood and Iron" Speech (1862)   :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=250
Otto von Bismarck, Forging German Unity (c. 1880) :http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6855586512737123586#editor/target=page;pageID=5388809745002885900
Bismarck Unmasked:http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6855586512737123586#editor/target=page;pageID=4497391809415351543
German-Danish War: Prussian Troops March through the Brandenburg Gate (1864) :http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=322

Images: Google Image

http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/Baker_00/2001_p2/baker_lg_bp_pd.2/bismarck.htm

     

Germany as One Room Two

Economic Growth

After the Franco-Prussian War, France had to pay reparations for the damages caused. This money allowed  Germany to rebuild the destruction cause by the war as well as improve the country. They used the money to build businesses around Germany.

Another thing leaders in Germany used the money for is to build railroads connecting the 25 German states.  This allowed the states to transfer utilities faster between the combined territories and strengthen the country.

Within a short time after the railroads were build, Germany flourished wish economic power.  Steel factories and coal mines appeared in many of the major cities around Germany.

As the factory number increased, some German socialists protested against the conditions in the factories. They wanted the state to control all of the industry. Bismarck, in an attempt to quiet them, blamed them for two assassination attempts on the emperor.

Bismarck tried to lead the people of Germany away from socialism by giving them his own reforms. He gave the people benefits such as health, accident, old age, and disability.

Wilhelm II

Wilhelm II and Bismarck had certain disagreements.  Through stopping the expansion of the borders to alliances with many countries to cut off France's power Wilhelm II fired Bismarck. Wilhelm continued to create more alliances with European countries and went on to be one of the most powerful military powers of their time.

Germany as One, After the War Part One

Germany as One

As you pull up in the train, you will see an enlarged map of the newly unified German states after the Franco-Prussian War

The first thing you must do is sign the Treaty of Frankfurt, which was first signed on the 10th of May in 1871. It ensured peace between France and the new Germany, establishing territory and stating Wilhelm I as kaiser.

Bismarck in Power

The next thing you will come across is a painting of Wilhelm I and Bismarck, whom he appointed as his first chancellor.

Bismarck made sure Prussia was in control of Germany, which was now a European power, allowing Bismarck power over much of Europe as he created many alliances with other counties to prevent war.

But the 25 states of Germany still wanted some power. Bismarck expanded voting rights to all men over the age of 25, but created so many restrictions that the expansion didn't help much. as you walk past the "ballot box" in the museum, you will have the opportunity to leave comments in our automatic vote counter

 The Kulturkampf

Bismarck didn't like the church having control. The Kulturkampf is the conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the new government of Germany, mainly Bismarck.  As you walk reach the edge of this room, you will see a wall with this picture overhead. On one side of the wall is a model-sized school building.  On the other is a church.  This represents the laws passed by Bismark to separate the church from the culture of Germany and Prussia such as school systems, marriage ceremonies, and even the training of clergy.

End of room

Source for Wars

Austro-Prussian War Battle of Königgrätz

Imagine Source:

Bleibtreu, Georg. Battle of Königgrätz. 1869. Wikipedia. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. 

     <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 

     File:Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg>. 

Sell, Christian. The Battle of Königgrätz, 3 July 1866. 1866. Staatsbibliothek 

     zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Handschriftenabteilung. Berlin. 

     Wikipedia. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 

     File:The_Battle_of_Königgrätz.jpg>. 

König, Herbert. N.d. woodcut. German History in Documents and ImagesWeb. 22 Oct 2012. <http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1382>.

Map Source:

Then, Julien. "Battle of Koniggrätz between prussian and austrian soldiers 

     (1866)." Map. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 31 Jan. 2007. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. 

     <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Koniggratz.png>. 

Essay source:

"Battle of Königgrätz" ["Schlacht bei Königgrätz"]. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. 

     Web. 22 Oct. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 

     Battle_of_Königgrätz>. 

"File:The Battle of Königgrätz.jpg/Notes." wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 22 

     Oct. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 

     File:The_Battle_of_Königgrätz.jpg>. 

"Casualties Flood into Dresden (June-July 1866)." germany history in documents 

     and images. germany history in documents and images, n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 

     2012. <http://www.blogger.com/ 

     blogger.g?blogID=6855586512737123586#editor/ 

     target=post;postID=8621143640260489038>. 

Austro-Prussian War CAUSE

Essay Source:  

“Die Gelegenheit ist günstig” by Wilhelm Scholz, Kladderadatsch, vol. 19, no. 25 (June 3, 1866), p. 100.

Ramírez, Susan E., et al. "German Unification." Nationalism in Europe. Holt 
     World History: The Human Legacy : Modern Era. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and
     Winston, 2008. 322-22. Print. 

Imagine Source:

 Scholz, Wilhelm. The opportunity is favorable. June 1866. Bildarchiv Preußischer 

     Kulturbesitz. German History in Documents and Images. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. 

     <http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1372>. 

Veit, Philipp. "File:Image Germania (painting).jpg." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d.      Web. 28 Oct. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/      File:Image_Germania_(painting).jpg>.

Speech Source

Halsall, Paul. "Johann Gustav Droysen: Speech to the Frankfurt Assembly, 1848." 

     Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham University, July 1998. Web. 

     22 Oct. 2012. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/ 

     germanunification.asp>. 

Halsall, Paul. "Otto von Bismarck: Letter to Minister von Manteuffel, 1856." 

     Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham University, July 1998. Web. 

     22 Oct. 2012. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/ 

     germanunification.asp>. 

Halsall, Paul. "Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke: 1866." Internet Modern History 

     Sourcebook. Fordham University, July 1998. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. 

     <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/germanunification.asp>. 

Austro-Prussian War Summary

Evera, Stephen Van. "Causes and Prevention of War." MIT OpenCourseWare. MIT      OpenCourseWare, 2009. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. <http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/      political-science/17-42-causes-and-prevention-of-war-spring-2009/lecture-notes/      MIT17_42S09_lec11.pdf>.

"Major Battles." wikipedia. wikipedia, n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.      <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War>. "The Historical Atlas of Europe German 1866." The Historical Atlas of Europe.      The Historical Atlas of Europe, n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.      <http://home.zonnet.nl/gerardvonhebel/g1866.htm>.

Weapon

Imagine Source

"Dreyse needle gun model 1865." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2010. Web. 22 Oct. 2012.      <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dreyse_needle_gun_model_1865.jpg>. 

Dreyse needle-gun." Old book illustrations. Old book illustrations, n.d. Web. 

     28 Oct. 2012. <http://www.oldbookillustrations.com/pages/ 

     prussian-needle-rifle.php?lng=en>. 

List and paragraph source:

Hickman, Kennedy. "Franco-Prussian War: Dreyse Needle Gun." Military History.      About.com, n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/      smallarms/p/needlegun.htm>.

Franco-Prussian War

"Frenco-Prussian War." Frenco-Prussian War. Frenco-Prussian War, n.d. Web. 28       Oct. 2012. <http://francoprussianwar.com>.

Comparisons of the Armies French &The German Forces

Comparisons of the Armies." Frenco-Prussian War. Frenco-Prussian War, n.d. Web.       28 Oct. 2012. <http://francoprussianwar.com/armies.htm>.

应用页面！！～～～标题要长～

The German Forces

                                               The German Forces

The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts and reservists. Service was compulsory for all men of military age, thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilize and field some 1.2 million soldiers in time of war, which it did within 18 days of mobilization. The sheer number of soldiers available made possible the mass-encirclement and destruction of entire enemy formations. Every able bodied man had to serve in the army for three years, then he was released to the reserves for four years and after that he was on call to the national guard for five more years . Compared to the French, the Prussian soldiers were better educated with compulsory primary education that was not the law in France till after the war .

The army was still equipped with the Dreyse "needle-gun" rifle of fame.The deficiencies of the needle-gun were more than compensated for by the famous Krupp 6 pounder (3 kg) breech-loading cannons being issued to Prussian artillery batteries. Firing a contact-detonated shell filled with zinc balls and explosive, the Krupp gun had a range of 4,500 meters and blistering rate of fire compared to muzzle loading cannon.

a breech loading 1000 pounder Krupp gun. This won a prize for Krupp at the Great Exhibition of Paris in 1867

                                                   Helmuth von Moltke

The Prussian army was nominally commanded by the King, William I. Royal and noble officers such as the Crown Prince Frederick commanded the major formations. In practice, all operations were directed by the General Staff under Field-Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only General Staff in existence, whose sole purpose was to direct operational movement, organise logistics and communications and develop the overall war strategy.

                                                           The German cavalry- the uhlan

General Staff officers, who had undergone rigorous selection procedures and training performed similar functions at all major headquarters. A Chief of Staff was a much more important figure in the Prussian Army than in any other army, because he had the right to appeal against his superior to the commander of the next highest formation. Thus, for example, the Crown Prince was unable to contradict the advice of his Chief of Staff, General von Blumenthal, for fear of a direct appeal (in this case) to his father the King.

Uniforms of Prussian soldiers. Upper right is a uniform of the Death Head Hussars.

Comparisons of the Armies French

                                     
                                           Comparisons of the Armies
The French Forces

492,585 active  417,366 Garde Mobile

The French Army comprised approximately 400,000 regular soldiers, some of them veterans of the Crimean War, Algeria, Second Italian War of Independence, and in Mexico supporting the Second Mexican Empire. This strength would increase to 662,000 on full mobilisation with the recall of reservists, with another 400,000 in the loosely organised Garde Mobile, which would require time to train. Unlike the Prussians, who relied on universal conscription, the French relied on long serving professional army . There were also at the time about 60,000 French troops in Algeria .A soldier signed on for a seven year term and was offered bonuses to reenlist . The French thought their veterans would be better in the field than the green recruits of the Prussian army. The French soldiers had many weaknesses such as lack of discipline, alcoholism.

Chassepot rifle

the mitrailleuse

The mitrailleuse was a precursor to the modern machine gun,developed from the American Gatling. The desire to keep it a secret meant that few French soldiers were instructed in its use. It weighed about 1750 lbs and required a team of six horses to transport it.


pot rifle and the mitrailleuse

 After Prussian soldiers breech-loading  needle rifles ( zundnadelgewehr) in 1866 at the battle of Koniggratz had decimated the Austrians using muzzle-loaders, the French had hastily equipped their infantry with the Chassepot rifle, one of the most modern mass-produced firearms in the world at the time. The Chassepot was designed by Antonie Chassepot in 1866 and was superior to the outdated Prussian Dreyse rifle. The Chassepot had an effective range of 1,500 yards and could fire 8 to 15 rounds a minute while the Dreyse could only fire 4 or 5 rounds a minute . The bullets of the Chassepot were smaller than the Dreyse, but had more penetrating power .The Chassepot used a rubber ring seal to prevent sparks and smoke from being emitted .

 The French also had one of the world's first machine gun, the mitrailleuse which could fire 100-200 rounds a minute.Because of the novelty of the weapon and lack of experience of its use, it was mounted on an artillery gun carriage and grouped in batteries in a similar fashion to cannon.

Tactics

With these two weapons, why did the French not sweep the Prussians from the field as the Prussians had at Koniggratz ? One reason was is that they did not use these weapons effectively. The French battle plan was to mass men in a defensive position and deliver a withering wall of fire -  the feu de bataillon . French commanders were not given much leeway in the battlefields as the Prussian officers had, who could improvise better. The Prussians swarmed their open with attacks of smaller groups of men from many different positions seeking to outflank the enemy .. The Prussians also negated the French superiority of their rifles with their superior breech-loading steel Krupp cannons  .

The artillery could not be re-equipped as the money was not voted by the Assembly, and was still equipped with muzzle-loading, although rifled, Lahitte '4-pounder' (actual weight of shot: 4 kg / 8.4 lb) guns, with an effective range of 2,800 metres . The French also tended to mass their artillery in the field, while the Prussians were much more mobile with their artillery .

Railway

The French railway system was not as organized for war compared to the Prussians . The Prussians had a special staff to plan and synchronize the movement of troops .

Cavalry

The Prussians had reformed their cavalry service, no longer letting it be the field of the elite, but opening it up to advancement by merit and using it for skirmishing and screening . The French still made use of heavy cavalry with the Charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimean War had shown to be outdated with the longer range of rifles and cannons .

The army was nominally led by Napoleon III. Marshals Bazaine, MacMahon and Canrobert were initially selected to command field armies. They and many of their subordinates had gained high reputations for bravery and leadership in the Crimean War, Franco-Austrian War and colonial wars in Algeria.

In practice, the French army, which had undertaken urgent reforms as a result of the outcome and lessons of the Austro-Prussian War, was nevertheless crippled by its poor administration and lack of coherent planning. Although the French Chief of Staff, Marhal Edmond Leboeuf, had stated that the French Army was ready for war, "down to the last gaiter button", as the fighting began, many of its formations were under strength as 100,000 reservists were living hand-to-mouth at depots and railway stations as they tried to find their regiments; and among various deficiencies in supplies and equipment, most of the medical supplies were still at the Invalides in Paris, awaiting transport.Throughout the war, the movements of French formations were to be badly directed and confused

The Navies

At the beginning of the war, the French could claim to have one of the best navies in the world . It had pioneered new developments in steam, shell-guns and armor . It had 49 ironclads and 9 corvettes armed with 16cm and 19cm guns . The largest French ironclad was the Rochambeau, purchased from America .Against this the Prussians only had 5 ironclads. The Konig Wilhelm,which remained in port during the war, was more powerful than the French ironclads .When the war broke out, most of the French navy was used to transport troops from Algeria to France. The was a planned seaborne invasion of the German North Sea coast, but the newly installed Krupp coastal guns and garrison troops of about 90,000 in the Hamburg Bremen area caused these plans to be shelved . The French Marines were sent to the French army of Chalons and many of them were captured at Sedan.

Germany unification before the wars

Revolution in prussia 1848:

An Announcement by Frederick William IV (March 21, 1848)

The Barricades at the Corner of Kronenstrasse and Friedrichstrasse (March 18-19, 1848)

Economic unity:

Images - Economy and Labor "Beneficial Results of Protectionism" (1848)

 Railroad connecting the german

The Future of the Empire Foretold" Zollverein

Cultural Unity:

Richard Wagner, What is German? (1865/1878)

"On the Cologne Cathedral Festivities

Addresses to the German Nation

Germany's Unification

The Public Mood in Bavaria and Other Federal States through British Eyes

Bismarck realpolitik:
Otto von Bismarck, Forging German Unity (c. 1880)

                      Bismarck Unmasked

Blood and Iron speech:

Excerpt from Bismarck's "Blood and Iron" Speech (1862)

german confederation:Southern Germany and the North German Confederation (April 11, 1868) 
                                   German Federal Act (June 8, 1815)  

denmarck war:

Solemn Funeral Service for the Murdered Parliamentarians of the Frankfurt National Assembly (September 21, 1848)

German-Danish War: Prussian Troops March through the Brandenburg Gate (1864)

map for comparison:

Creation of the German Empire (1866-1871)

Central Europe (1815-1866)

     

     

Franco-Prussian War

Franco-Prussian War

 sites of major actions in the Franco-Prussian War

The Frenco-Prussian War was waged between France and Prussia and the German states from July 15, 1870 to Feb. 1, 1871 . Napoleon I had smashed through the German states with ease during the Napoleonic wars . Now a generation later, the roles would be reversed .Even though the war was a short duration, it dramatically changed European history .The rapid and overwhelming victory of the German states under the leadership of Prussia in this conflict made possible the creation of a unified German Empire and brought the fall of the French empire of Napoleon III which was replaced by the Third Republic. Prussian would first fight and destroy the armies of the emperor Napoleon, then the newly raised armies of the Third republic . The waralso marked the final step in Germany's rise to the position of a major continental power . As part of the settlement, the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Germany, which would retain it until after World War I.

                                              Causes of the Franco-Prussian War

 Bismarck policies brought about 3 European wars which led to the unification of Germany. As a university student, he acquired a reputation for fighting and was a member ofHannovera, a famous dueling corps. More cosmopolitan than the average junker and spoke English fluently. Famous for his Sept 29,1862 speech " The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches...that was the blunder of 1848...but by blood and iron.' Made Chancellor in 1871 and became known as the 'Iron Chancellor' and Germany consolidated economically and politically. The young Kaiser, William II, was too ambitious to have a strong leader like Bismarck and had him retire. No other German statesman was able to maintain Bismarck's complicated international act and Germany blundered into WWI.

From 1868 on, Bismarck ( Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck - April 1, 1815? July 30, 1898 ) Chancellor of the North German Confederation , prepared to accomplish the unification of the German Protestant  states of the north and the German Catholic south through a provoked war with France . Such a war would unite the German states quickly rather than the years or decades it might otherwise take . The Germans were divided culturally and politically, but they were united in their hatred for France since the Napoleonic Wars, when France had looted the German states and pressed an estimated 250,000 Germans into the French armies . Most countries had kept up citizen militias, usually separate from the regular forces. But the Prussians began to build up large trained reserves which were integrated into the army.

The proclamation of King William I as emperor at Versailles, by Anton von Werner

On Jan 18, 1871 at Versailles ( which was made the German military headquarters ) William I was proclaimed The German emperor ( Kaiser ) .The creation of a unified German Empire destroyed the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

German victory parade in Paris. The Parisians were defiant in the face of defeat and were prepared to fight if the entry of the German army into the city . Before the Germans entered Paris, National Guards removed large numbers of cannons away from the Germans' path and store them in "safe" districts. This was to be one of the factors leading to the Paris Commune .The Germans entered Paris briefly and left again without incident

Germany quickly established itself as the main power in Europe with one of the most powerful and professional armies in the world . In France, anger at the Germans over the loss of Alsace and Lorraine and the large indemnity would led to a permanent state of crises between the two states and their seeking revenge with a large indemnity against Germany after their defeat in World War I and trigger events which would lead to World War II . The war also influenced Italian history and its struggle for unification. With the outbreak of war, Napoleon withdrew his garrison from Rome. With this garrison gone, the Italian national army was able to take the Papal State of Rome in 1870.

Victorious German troops march through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin on June 16, 1871. Ever since this day it was traditional for German troops to march through the gate on their return from war .